Metaphor in “The Yellow Wallpaper”

The beginning of the 19 the century is characterized by strong discrimination and oppression of women in society meaning that women were something like private property being able only to keep house and to bear children. Gilman comes from a long list of freedom fighters for women’s rights and they were concerned with the role of women in society and, especially, in family interactions. The authors made an attempt to create new ideal of free and independent women. Her works are full of symbolic meanings persuading women to change their lives, to be provided with opportunity to receive proper education and job, to have suffrage. They simply wanted men to listen to them. (Lane 1990) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† highlights the issues of control and attack of women in society. It is necessary to admit that the author appears rather symbolic for all women. She objects to the fact that women are expected to keep house, to bear children and to obey men’s orders. Consequently, men are privileged enough as they have proper education, job opportunities and are allowed to make decisions in contrast to women. As Gilman says women are in the prison of acquiescence, simply because of personal weakness that contribute to the suppression of women as well as because of a combination of society’s control. (Gilbert 1996) The authors on the example of main heroine provide detailed overview of 19th century society; especially they tend to show the ills of society, culture of those times and attitudes towards women. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† tells a story of a young woman, narrator, who has driven insane by too loving her husband. The author surely highlights that blatant sexism is present in society. The short-story shows that women are afraid of expressing their feelings in order not to baffle husbands or to make them angry. In order to achieve the desired expression and to better illustrate the social order of 19th century society Gilman uses symbols and metaphors. (Gilman 1989) Throughout the short-story the author shows symbolically that females are restrained in the American society. For example, the main heroine is simply imprisoned in the room with the yellow wallpaper. It is seen that the house is surrounded by â€Å"gates that lock† and at the top of the stairs the gates prevent narrator from leaving top floor.   Bars on the windows provide an idea that freedom is limited and all is need to break down the constraints, because window is, obviously, symbolizes mental limitations, not physical ones. The author shows that heroine is provided with no opportunities to escape and lots of women in those times were kept â€Å"in their place† in American society. (Rex 1996) The narrator is obliged to follow rigid schedule being not able to deviate from it. The image of narrator is metaphor of all women who were considered not to be intelligent enough to make up their own decisions. The narrator and women in general were physically week and hysterical and, therefore, were treated as children. The narrator is also placed in child’s nursery. She is forced by her husband to sit in her and â€Å"to rest†, as he thinks she is unintelligent and sill: â€Å"he called me a blessed little goose†. (Gilman 1989, 5) Of course, such attitude was extended to most women and was not confined to the main heroine in the story. Actually, the yellow wallpaper is metaphor itself as it is used symbolically. The yellow wallpaper symbolizes societal oppression of women in American society. The pattern on the wallpaper represents male-dominated society which deprives women their rights and freedom: â€Å"by moonlight, it becomes bars, she says, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be†. (Gilman 1989, 13) The narrator wants to show that pattern on the yellow wallpaper is the actions of narrator’s husband, brother, and doctor who forced main heroine to be locked in her room and to do nothing but idling. Apparently, these people are willing to aid the narrator, to imprison her in her room upstairs. Women’s imprisonment is described metaphorically by using woman’s image of bars behind the pattern in the wallpaper. The heroine realizes that these bars imprison women and choke off their lives.   Therefore, the image of yellow wallpaper only magnifies the problem being experienced by the heroine. Ostensibly, the pattern on the wallpaper isn’t simply pattern for a children’s room, as Gilman firstly notes, it is presented as a mind-numbing quality attracting unbalanced mind: â€Å"[The pattern] slaps you in the face, knocks you down and tramples on you. It is like a bad dream. I fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still†. (Gilman 1989, 13)   The author shows that women were unable to struggle: â€Å"And she is all the time trying to climb through†¦ nobody could climb through that pattern – strangles so†¦ they get through, and then the pattern strangles them†. (Gilman 1989, 15) Pattern on the yellow wallpaper and the fact that the main heroine achieves her freedom and independence, though the price appears too high: insanity in return for long-waiting freedom and independence – author’s metaphorical illustrations that women were strongly oppressed and suppressed in American society. (Gilman 1989) Other characters in the short-story notice that there is something strange and unusual with the yellow wallpaper: â€Å"I’ve caught him several times looking at the paper! And Jennie too. I caught Jennie with her hand on it once†. (Gilman 1989, 13) As it is noted wallpaper is a metaphor of women’s suppression, the actions of John, narrator’s husband represent the way many men and women of the time period dealt with this oppression. Obviously, John is an image of all men in American society who thinks that women are inferior to men and thus should be treated with delicacy not to do harm for them. Actually, John treated her wife as private property and a second-sort thing. Metaphorically, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a horror story for women, because the narrator drives insane in the end symbolizing that it is the only way to escape. If to look deeper in the context, it is apparent that the narrator illustrates literally women were routinely oppressed in those times. Treatment of husbands and pattern on the wallpaper symbolize prison for most women. Gilman warns men that such treatment can lead to nothing but disastrous results. (Gilman 1989) Works Cited Gilbert, Kelly. (1996). â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: An Autobiography of Emotions by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Writings. USA: Bantam Classic Books, 1989, 1-20. Lane, Ann J. (1990).To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. USA: Thomson Place, 1990. Rex, T. (1998). Metaphor in The Yellow Wallpaper.      

30 Seconds to Mars Essay

Launched in 1998 by the band’s front man Jared Leto and his older brother, drummer Shannon Leto, 30 Seconds to Mars found success in the 2000’s with their musical mix of post-grunge, scream, and hard rock. The band gained an audience with its self-titled debut, but it was the platinum-selling album â€Å"A Beautiful Lie† that opened the doors in 2005, gaining the band a spot on MTV while making the way for a long road of tours. The bands mates also showed a high appreciation for marketing, which they revisited several years later by using fan’s pictures for their third album, â€Å"This Is War†. Jared Leto enlisted the help of his brother and co-founded 30 Seconds to Mars in 1998. The group made its studio appearance four years later, releasing a self-titled album whose post-grunge sound betrayed an affinity for groups like Chevelle and Incubus. Although it only achieved modest success, the growing 30 Seconds to Mars still laid the foundation for a healthy career. Before all the great hype the band first started in 1998 it wasn’t well known so they expanded their music by coming to America, gold status in multiple foreign countries, and producing several singles, including two Top 10 rock hits. 30 Seconds to Mars heavily toured as a result, sporting a new lineup that included lead guitarist Tomo Miliceivc and bassist Matt Wachter in addition to the two Letos. Wachter threw in the towel in 2007, the band continued to tour around the world for the rest of the year, making several major festivals such as Roskilde and Pinkpop. They also played opening shows for bands like The Used and Linkin Park. The band has gone through a lot in their background for the band itself and the members. Created in 1998 by Jared Leto (vocals and guitar) and his brother, Shannon (drums), 30 Seconds to Mars merely began as a small family project. Things began to speed up quickly, however, and Matt Wachter later joined the band as bassist. After a small revolving door of guitarists (as the band’s first two guitarists, Kevin Drake and Solon Bixler, left the band due to issues primarily related to touring), the three auditioned Tomo Milicevic to round out the band’s roster. Matt Wachter plays keyboards for the band. Jared Leto might be a name that some people have heard before, before the band started he was a major actor. Their music is filled with emotions and are very personal to them (their songs are based on real life experiences) This band is not about fame, money, and any of that stuff. They are all about the music and they sing from their hearts. Jared never used his title as an actor to promote his band and never will. Their unique style of music and heart moving lyrics fills the listeners heart with so much emotion.

Expansionism in the 19th and early 20th century Essay

Expansionism in the 19th and early 20th century U.S. was not a continuation of past American Expansionism. Throughout American history, prime motives for geographical and political expansion have been in support of U.S. economy. As the country grew, many other issues became important in the shaping of American expansionism. Slavery and investment of capital were major forces behind these issues. All these events involved economic, societal, and political expansion. Colonial expansion was meant to facilitate growth in population and build economic base to support that population. This can be seen in the purpose of the seven years war and war of 1812. Britain and the colonials intended to remove the French from the Americas in order to open up the vast area of land under their control in the west. Between and after these wars, expansion into these newly acquired lands was better made possible with the Northwest Ordinance and removal of Indians. By first attempting to move Indians east of the Mississippi River, land around large rivers would then be open for farming. This was the purpose of the Northwest Ordinance. It was meant to open up the Ohio River Valley to settlers, most specifically farmers, to increase the production of raw goods that were needed to support America’s growing population. With the eventual purchase of the Louisiana Territory, rivers such as the Mississippi and Ohio became crucial to the development of trade and econo my during this period of History. During the Mid 19th century, expansionist philosophy began to change. Important societal issues, such as slavery and religion, became a resounding force in every decision. In the 1830s and `840s, the westward movement of people left the valley of the Mississippi behind, stretching far into the west, all the way to the Pacific. A new philosophy, known as Manifest Destiny, came to be a powerful propaganda in this westward movement. His idea, first released in 1845 in United States Magazine and Democratic Review called for â€Å"Extending the area of freedom†. Manifest destiny said that America was destined to be a continental nation, that god supported American’ expansion and that new land was needed to make way for population  growth. Using this idea, support from the president and the American people led to the annexation of Texas, and the development of trails that would help spread the American’s to Oregon and California. Incentive for this expansion also came heavily with the slave debate. It had been decided that the Republic of Texas would enter into the Union as a slave state. Abolitionists pressed for expansion to create new states to balance out the slave and Free State power. The purpose of expansion in the mid 1800s was to balance society and fulfill the American’ destiny. Expansion of the early 20th century was often based on political and economic incentive. The rise of â€Å"New Imperialism† and America’s recognition of its own world status led to the conquering of many politically and economically strategic places. After the rise of industrialism, big business looked to invest their capital. Around 1900, the most profitable investments were seemingly overseas. Unfortunately many overseas investments became humanitarian efforts instead. Expansion reached China, Hawaii, the Philippines, the Caribbean, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Santo Domingo. At the end of the Spanish American War it was decided that the victor would get control over the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and other Spanish possessions in the West Indies. Cuba would remain under U.S. control for an indefinite time. Puerto Rico became part of the group of undeveloped countries that American Democracy would try to reform. â€Å"All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous†¦Chronic wrongdoing†¦may ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the U.S†¦. to the exercise of an international police power.† (Doc F). Laws were passed that pressed that there must be more Americans in the governing body of Puerto Rico than Puerto Ricans, and only those, appointed by the president himself, could be involved in political issues. Puerto Rican government was modeled directly after that of the U.S. Also, many efforts were made to improve the health, education, and public works of the island. Investors swarmed to the area in search of the sizeable fortunes to be made off of valuable sugar. Instead, with new  politics involved, many large plantations were broken up in order to better spread the wealth. There was little economic benefit in expansion of Puerto Rico. These islands as well as the other Caribbean islands were acquired largely because of their military value. American’s also felt some responsibility for the improvement of conditions there. Much of the expansion of the early 1900s was political and humanitarian. Although economic incentive was strong, many economic situations were not profitable for American home economy. Expansionism in the 19th and early 20th century U.S. was a departure of past American Expansionism. Early expansionism was essential for the economic success of America at that time. Expansion in the mid 1800s was important for America and its development of society and national identity. Later expansion during the early 1900s was derivative of political and economic nature, but often turned to military conquest and humanitarian effort.

Convexity and Nonsatiation

Checking the convexity and nonsatiation assumptions EC201 LSE Margaret Bray October 25, 2009 1 Nonsatiation 1. 1 1. 1. 1 The simple story De? nition and conditions for nonsatiation Informally nonsatiation means that â€Å"more is better†. This is not a precise statement, and it is possible to work with a number of di? erent de? nitions. For EC201 †¢ Nonsatiation means that utility can be increased by increasing consumption of one or both goods. If the utility function is di? erentiable you should test for nonsatiation by ? nding the partial derivatives of the utility function. 1. 1. 2Example: testing for convexity with a Cobb-Douglas utility function A Cobb-Douglas utility function has the form u(x1 , x2 ) = xa xb where a > 0 and b > 0. Here u(x1 , x2 ) = 12 2/5 3/5 x1 x2 . Assuming that x1 > 0 and x2 > 0 the partial derivatives are ? u ?x1 ?u ?x2 = = 2 ? 3/5 3/5 x2 > 0 x 51 3 2/5 ? 2/5 > 0. xx 51 2 (1) (2) You should note that because the partial deriva tives are both strictly1 positive utility is a strictly2 increasing function of both x1 and x2 when x1 > 0 and x2 > 0 so nonsatiation is satis? ed. 1. 1. 3 Implications of nonsatiation 1.If utility is strictly increasing in both goods then the indi? erence curve is downward sloping because if x1 is increased holding x2 constant then utility is increased, so it is necessary to reduce x2 to get back to the original indi? erence curve. 2. If utility is strictly increasing in both goods then a consumer that maximizes utility subject to the budget constraint and nonnegativity constraints will choose a bundle of goods which satis? es the budget constraint as an equality so p1 x1 + p2 x2 = m, because if p1 x1 + p2 x2 < m it is possible to increase utility by increasing x1 and x2 whilst still satisfying the budget constraint. A number is strictly positive if it is greater than 0. function is strictly increasing in x1 if when x0 > x1 and x2 is held constant at x2 then u x0 , x2 & gt; u (x1 , x2 ). 1 1 The important point here is that the inequality > is strict. 2A 1 1. 1. 4 Nonsatiation with perfect complements utility A utility function of the form u (x1 , x2 ) = min (a1 x1 , a2 x2 ) is called a perfect complements utility function, but the partial derivative argument does not work because the partial derivatives do not exist at a point where a1 x1 = a2 x2 which is where the solution to the consumer’s utility maximizing problem always lie.This is discussed in consumer theory worked example 6 1. 2 1. 2. 1 Nonsatiation: beyond EC201 Complications with the Cobb-Douglas utility function A really detailed discussion of nonsatiation with Cobb-Douglas utility would note that the partial derivative argument does not work at points where the partial derivatives do not exist. The partial ? u derivative does not exist if x1 = 0 because the formula requires dividing by 0. Similarly the ? x1 ?u formula for requires dividing by 0 if x2 = 0 so the function does not have a partial derivative with ? x2 respect to x2 when x2 = 0.However observe that if x1 = 0 or x2 = 0 then u(x1 , x2 ) = 0, whereas if x1 > 0 and x2 > 0 then u(x1 , x2 ) > 0 so if one or both x1 and x2 is zero then increasing both x1 and x2 always increases utility. Thus nonsatiation holds for all values of x1 and x2 with x1 ? 0 and x2 ? 0. 1. 2. 2 More general formulations ?u ?u > 0 and > 0 implies nonsatiation. However these conditions can be ?x1 ?x2 weakened considerably without losing the implication that the consumer maximizes utility by choosing a point on the budget line which is what really matters.For example if utility is increasing in good 1 but decreasing in good 2 so good 2 is in fact a â€Å"bad† the consumer maximizes utility by spending all income on good 1 and nothing on good 2. The condition that 2 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Convexity and concavity Concepts Convex sets A set is convex if the straight line joining any two points in the set lies entirely within the set. Figure 1 illustrates convex and non-convex sets. 2. 1. 2 Convex functions A function is convex if the straight line joining any two points on the graph of the function lies entirely on or above the graph as illustrated in ? gure 2.Another way of looking at convex functions is that they are functions for which the set of points lying above the graph is convex. Figure 2 suggests that if the ? rst derivative of a function does not decrease anywhere then the function is convex. This suggestion is correct. If the function has a second derivative that is positive or zero everywhere then the ? rst derivative cannot decrease so the function is convex. This gives a way of testing whether a function is convex. Find the second derivative; if the second derivative is positive or zero everywhere then the function is convex. 2. 1. 3Concave functions Concave functions are important in the theory of the ? rm. A function is concave if the straight line joining any two points on the graph of the function lies entirely on or below the graph as illustrated in ? gure 3. Another way of looking at concave functions is that they are functions for which the set of points lying below the graph is convex. Figure 3 suggests that if the ? rst derivative of a function does not increase anywhere then the function is concave. This suggestion is correct. If the function 2 Convexity Mathematically a set is convex if any straight line joining wo points in the set lies in the set. Which of these sets are convex? B A non-convex convex C D convex non-convex Figure 1: Convex sets A function is convex if a straight line joining two points on its graph lies entirely on or above the function. If the second derivative of the function is positive or zero at every point then x2 the function is convex. 0 x1 Figure 2: A convex function 3 A f unc tio n is c on ca ve if a s tra ight lin e joining tw o po ints on its g ra ph lies en tirely o n or be low the fun ction . If the s ec on d de riv a tiv e o f the fun ction is ne ga tive or zero a t e very p oint the n 2 the fun ction is c on ca ve . ca ve 0 x1 Figure 3: A concave function has a second derivative that is negative or zero everywhere then the ? rst derivative cannot increase so the function is concave. This gives a way of testing whether a function is convex. Find the second derivative; if the second derivative is negative or zero everywhere then the function is concave. You may ? nd it easier to remember the di? erence between convex and concave functions if you think that a function is concave if it has a cave underneath it. 2. 2 2. 2. 1 Convexity in consumer theory De? nitionThe convexity assumption in consumer theory is that for any (x10 , x20 ) the set of points for which u(x1 , x2 ) ? u (x10 , x20 ) is convex. If utility is strictly increasing in both x1 and x2 so the indi? erence curve slopes downwards the convexity assumption is is equivalent to an assumption that thinking of the indi? erence curve as th e graph of a function that gives x2 as a function of x1 the function is convex. ?u ?u > 0 and > 0 so the indi? erence Thus if the test for nonsatiation establishes that both ?x1 ?x2 curves are downward sloping the convexity assumption can be tested by rearranging the equation for an indi? rence curve to get x2 as a function of x1 and u, and then ? nding whether the second derivative ? 2 x2 > 0. ?x2 1 2. 2. 2 Example: testing for convexity with a Cobb-Douglas utility function 2/5 3/5 Here u(x1 , x2 ) = x1 x2 . Write 2/5 3/5 u = x1 x2 . (3) Rearranging to get x2 as a function of x1 and u ?2/3 x2 = u5/3 x1 . Holding u constant so staying on the same indi? erence curve ? x2 2 ?5/3 = ? u5/3 x1 ?x1 3 and 10 5/3 ? 8/3 ? 2 x2 = >0 u x1 ?x2 9 1 4 (4) ?u ?u > 0 and > 0 the indi? erence ?x1 ?x2 curve is downward sloping and the preferred set is above the indi? rence curve so the convexity condition is satis? ed. so on an indi? erence curve x2 is a convex function of x1 . Beca use 2. 2. 3 Algebra problems You should know how to rearrange equation 3 to get equation 4. If this is causing you problems note ? rstly that equation 3 implies that ? ?5/3 2/5 3/5 2/3 u5/3 = x1 x2 = x1 x2 so x2 = 2. 3 u5/3 2/3 x1 ?2/3 = u5/3 x1 . Beyond EC201 Concavity and convexity can be de? ned algebraically and this is essential if you want to prove any results about concavity and convexity rather than appealing to intuition as I have done here.The procedure I have given for checking the convexity condition in consumer theory requires that the ? rst ? u ?u derivatives > 0 and > 0 and does not work with more than two goods. There is a much ? x1 ?x2 more general method; write down the matrix of second derivatives of the function u (x1 , x2 ). If this matrix is positive semide? nite everywhere the function is convex, if the matrix is negative semide? nite everywhere the function is concave. You do not need to know about this for EC201. 5

Scope Statement

This being said we ill find the best locally produced ingredients and buy in bulk in such a way that the ingredients will still be reasonably priced. The sausages and meats will be made in house by our own chefs. We will have our own homemade fresh mozzarella. We will start off as a small bakery that brings authentic Danish baked goods right to the doorstep of Kent, Washington. The SÃ'‘render Bakery will provide items like delicate pastries, cakes for every occasion, homemade bread, and smà ¶rgà ¥sbord sandwiches at a fraction of the cost of other bakeries.We also will create specialty cakes made to look like other teems not traditionally associated with cake like purse cakes shoe cakes etc. We want to develop a relationship with both our suppliers and our customers this way allowing us to sell high quality goods at a reasonable price. We will market our product in the surrounding community and we will have a website so that orders that need time can be placed on line and can be picked up in store.We will host different events like sandwich eating contest that will bring in a customer base. We will host an internet give away that influence customers into the bakery buy offering the first 50 people to place an order a ere gift. Project Deliverables Warm and welcoming environment Great food Dinning area will be built and designed with recycled products Healthy food choices Cakes, P Purchase of equipment Packaging will be environmentally friendly and food safe.Fast and affordable delivery Competitive prices Breakfast and lunch sandwiches Business reoccurring order discounts Project Objectives What are the cost, schedule, and quality objectives of this project? Project Sass motions What are the assumptions on which the project is based? Project Constraints What are the major limiting factors that affect the project? Exclusions What are the boundaries of the project? What is to be included and what is to be excluded from the project?

Law essaies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Law essaies - Essay Example Wales Ltd enters an appearance and raises the defence of â€Å"force majeure.† Does its appearance confer jurisdiction to the courts of Athens? (5) Black Horse Traders Ltd obtained a judgement against Wales Ltd in Portugal and enforced the judgment in England. The judgment was, however, rendered in default of appearance of Wales Ltd. Advise Wales Ltd. 1. In addition to determining the competent court hearing lawsuit, we have to know which, if any, international jurisdiction entitlements shall apply. Based on the facts of the case the Brussels I Regulation is certainly applicable. The reason being that The Brussels I Regulation concerns commercial matters 1(contract of sales of goods) and also contains an International element since the case concerns purchase and transport within different states of the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy and Portugal, and all states are member states in Brussels I Regulation2. The United Kingdom is where Wales, Ltd. is registered as well as Black Horse Traders, Ltd. Wales. Ltd lists Greece as their principal place of business and Italy is where their central administration office is located and finally Portugal is where the goods had been delivered3. Under Article 2.1 â€Å"Subject to this Regulation, persons domiciled in a Member State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that Member State.†4 This article relates to the particular the individual person and infers that any person can sue if the defendant may be domiciled in a member state in Brussels I Regulation. This was clear in Grupo Torras SA and Torras SA and Torras Hostench London Ltd5. However, in Article 60.1 â€Å"for the purposes of this Regulation, a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons is domiciled at the place where it has its: And further, 60.2 â€Å" for the purposes of the United Kingdom and Ireland ‘statutory seat’ means the registered office or, where there is no

Philosophical Underpinnings - Supply Chain Management Essay

Philosophical Underpinnings - Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The methods of obtaining data will encompass both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Open and closed ended questionnaires will be used in this analysis. The pragmatic consideration will use both aspects. Philosophical claims emanating from the pragmatic consideration and its critique is a major factor that will affect the use of the theories. Ontology to be considered, epistemology and axiology are also important to this research study. Body Several philosophical underpinning research methods can be contained in the research in the supply management efficiency. These methods are considered depending on the extent by which their usefulness will be relevant to the nature of study to be carried out. Ontology is carried out to determine the alternative options available and to be considered. ‘Ontology is a term that refers the list or options that can be considered either in a scientific or philosophical study’ (Williamson, 1993) . The supply chain is the route the product or service goes through from the supplier to the consumer. In some cases this chain is as short as directly from the manufacturer to the consumer but, sometimes it goes through several distributors e.g. retailers before it gets to the consumer. The supply chain is also affected by several factors. ... These research methods apply to the supply chain in different occasions and instances depending on what the researcher is looking at. ‘Epistemology is a method used in analysing data which heavily relies on the type of data obtained during the research. It is popular in the social sciences. Epistemology is a metacognitive learning process assumed in our beliefs but validate other perspectives.’ (Mezirow,1990). The epistemological process is central to critical thinking, it has an effect on race, ideologies power, influence, cosmology, gender and class may be affected. This is when the rationality is in a manner that the issues contained are solved by way of reason (Everline, 1899). There is revolution in the principles of epistemological revolution, and, the sound of reason is usually considered. Studying of cases that had once occurred in trying to deduce the reasons behind their occurrence is also critical in social science. These provide the actual effect of the varia bles on the samples under research (Valentine, 2005). The results from case study get use in solving other problems of similar cases. Open discussion forum in data collection can be useful when the manufacturer is trying to come up with a new product. This method analyses what is required in the market (Lilian, 2006). It helps the manufacturer to tailor the output according to the user needs. Paradigm ‘Paradigm has been used over the centuries to refer to a set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any given time. It is a term that does not have a precise philosophical meaning, but applied in community research to provide solutions to problems’ (Ashley, 2000). Paragmatic consideration entails what is to be scrutinized from

Home Furnishings Term Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home Furnishings Project - Term Paper Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 F. New Product Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 G. Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table of Figures Figure I - LOLA Love Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure II - FLEX Loveseat Sleeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure III - KLOBO Loveseat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure IV – JLOVESEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure V - BOCCA Loveseat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure VI - MAGENTA Loveseat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure VII - ECO-FRIENDLY Loveseat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Love Seat E-Manual Love Seat Basics Love seats are small sofas or chairs designed for two persons. This type of furniture is called as such due to the romantic connotation that only two persons can sit on it, who most probably have a special relationship. They are also called †Å"double chairs† or â€Å"settees† (Vaughan, par. 1) and was reported to be in existence in America since the 18th century (pars. 2-3). The purpose of making a wider chair during the 17th and 18th century is to accommodate the bigger design of dresses and not for seating two romantically linked individuals (Encyclopedia Britannica, par. 1). It is only in the 19th century that such type of chair was called a love seat or â€Å"courting chair† (par. 2). ... Love seats can in fact form as part of the total decorative setting in the room with the latest trendy designs and color combinations. Love seats have the same height as sofas but horizontally shorter by 10 to 20 inches making them suitable for smaller office area (Decorative Love Seat, pars. 2-3). The design and materials vary with mixture of traditional, modern and sophisticated, and may be thematic or historic (pars. 2-3). Designs, Designer and Manufacturers KI KI love seats are manufactured by KI Group. Its love seat product is categorized under the sofa categories (Commercial sofa, 1). Lola love seat is designed for office setting or any workplace that requires a soothing environment (1). Lola love seat has a beige covering and curves that reflect the contemporary taste in office requirements (1). The design departs from the traditional flat and narrow furnishings commonly seen in offices (1). The curvature of Lola love seat follows the body contour that gives complete relaxatio n despite the pressure that an office environment projects. The thrust of KI designers in going beyond the traditional love seat is reflected in their designs (Flex Loveseat Sleeper, 1). KI Flex Loveseat Sleeper can function as a bed by just pulling the sliding portion beneath the seat (1). The arms are made of solid Maple hardwood while the arm panels, seat and back cushions are replaceable (1). The love seat has the following dimension: total dimension, 61†w x 37.5†d x 33.5† h; seat, 56†w x 20†d x 18†h; and arm, 28† h. There are more than 50 color and fabric upholstery choices for the product lineup ok KI (Approved Fabrics, 1). The online marketing strategy of KI on presenting the types of

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone - Essay Example What differentiates Hermione from many intelligent children is that not only does she learn the magical spells, she practically has the capability to recall from her memory the most appropriate spell that applies on a particular situation whenever required, and thus, serves as the ultimate rescuer for Ron and Harry. Not many brainy children are as practical as Hermione is. Her practicality also reflects in the way she practically indulges in every act with Ron and Harry at every stage till the end of the story. Hermione Granger is indeed, a true friend to Ron and Harry. It is not wrong to state that her friends possess her. She knows the meaning of friendship and can practically go to any lengths to help her friends out of the trouble. She is the very â€Å"friend in need† as they call it. She is the kind of person most parents would like their child to be friends with, given she is very optimistic and hardworking. Hermione Granger is a muggle born witch who is able to display excellent magical qualities contrary to the fact that none of her parents come from the magical world. Hermione Granger has been presented as a â€Å"know-it-all† kind of girl whose attitude is not quite welcomed by Ron Weasley particularly in their initial encounters at Hogwarts. In the start of the story, one might even start to think of her as a cheap character that shows its knowledge off to depress others. However, one later gets to realize how genuinely is she interested in learning magic and applying it to assist humanity. At the age of 11, she prefers learning â€Å"Transfiguration Charms† upon trying shades of lipstick. She is a genuine learner placed in the â€Å"Gryffindor House† because of her extreme bravery, although she was also suitable for â€Å"Ravenclaw House† because of her smartness. Hermione Granger fits best in the Stage VI of the Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral

What kind of person is Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What kind of person is Hamlet - Essay Example Rather on Hamlet’s part it is more of a strategy than a deliberate crime. Indeed Hamlet’s deception can be justified from a Machiavellian perspective. It is Hamlet’s circumstance that forces him to choose deception as a strategy, which finally leads him to the ultimate truth about the regicide. Indeed Hamlet appears to the victim of circumstances that compels him to play those deceptive roles â€Å"in order to survive, in order to protect himself from the general rottenness, while he tries to sort out how he is to act in a world which he finds so morally unacceptable† (2). His deceptions and lies also turn his nearest ones into his enemies. For an instance he grows animosity with Laertes; his friend and the brother of his beloved Ophelia, with Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, his former school fellow and friend but present enemies. Indeed Hamlet succeeds in overcoming his foes but only at a dreadful cost. Literally Hamlet becomes trapped by his own deception. His deceptive role compels him to refrain from Ophelia’s love, to murder the innocent Polonius by accident, and eventually to loss Ophelia. Since his semi-maniacal behaviors grow suspicion among Claudius and other people of authority, he can be held responsible for the accidental killing of Polonius who attempts to spy on him. For the same reason, he is responsible for making Laertes his enemy and for his own death at Laertes’s hand. To Hamlet, Claudius is a smiling dammed villain, a seducer and a usurper of his right to Denmark’s throne; he is one against whom he has to take revenge. If the supernatural presence of the king’s ghost is expunged from the drama, Hamlet will simply appear to be a skillful deceiver, before the audience, who attempts to find out his father’s killer just because he wants to repair his ego bruised by his mother, Gertrude’s marriage with Claudius. Regarding Hamlet’s morality, Ian Jonston comments that Hamlet is so often

Consumer Attitudes and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Attitudes and Behaviour - Essay Example This essay analyzes the attitudes and behavior of consumers that are better explained through the evaluation of certain theories and concepts that bear relations. The supposition takes into deliberation behavior as the fundamental determinant concerning the personal intention to carry out presented behavior. In the formulation of personal behaviors, certain personality assumptions are taken into thought. The three independent concepts that individual consider in formulating their behaviors include; the promptly reachable or salient beliefs regarding the perceived upshots of reflected guiding principles and beliefs that lead to the positive or negative attitude towards behavior. The second consideration is the apparent normative prospects in relation to pertinent referent individuals. Outstanding normative beliefs, direct to the development of a subjective model that bears orientation on the expected societal pressure, on whether to perform or not carry out certain behaviors. In the e nd, individuals are implicit to take into thought certain factors that may either promote or encumber their capacity to carry out certain behaviors. The factors that may bring promotion or hindrances to performance of behavior or rather the standard societal beliefs, direct to the development of expected behavioral standards. The perceived behavioral standards or limitations can also be regarded as the apparent capability to execute the behavior. In general terms, the favorable the mind-set and subjective standard in relation to behavior, and the superior professed behavioral control. This means that an individual’s intention gets stronger in the conduction of behavior (Fishbein, Ajzen, & Robert 2007, 5). The conjecture of reasoned action bears central application in marketing. The theory conceptualizes the practical functions concerning the attitudinal and normative factors. The attitudinal and normative factors are imperative components in the formation of intentions and ge t considered as separate but dependent they are also considered inseparable. The supposition in itself gyrates around the attitudinal and normative thinking, objectives as well as behaviors. The conjecture of planned behavior, which gets considered, as an extension of the conjecture of reasoned action, brings about the concepts or ideas of self worth or efficacy (Lefebvre 2000, 5). This connotes that it has an edge over the performance of behavior. In reference to the conjecture of reasoned action, the imperative predictor, the consequent behavior becomes an individual’s objective to take action. According to the conjecture, the behavioral intention obtains influence through an individual’s mind-set engaging in a certain conduct, as well as, the subjective model that the individual holds concerning behavior. With

Architectural acoustics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Architectural acoustics - Lab Report Example As far as the engineering is concerned, sound production has far-reaching implications on the environment. Sounds are pressure vibrations that travel in mediums such as gases, liquids and solids. The most common type of sound perceived by human ear is that which travels through air. Sound could be constructive or unconstructive. However noise is generally regarded as unwanted and destructive sound. In work environments or even in home setting, it is preferred that noise should be reduced effectively since it can affect the ability to work, concentration and rest. These noises range from loud music, traffic and building services (air ducts, pumps etc.) to neighbor activity. Noise production is still rated as one of the serious rampant forms of environmental pollution. Noise pollution continues to affect human health, as well as behaviors. Noise pollution has the can trigger annoyance, as well as aggression. Noise is also associated with high stress levels, disturbance of sleep, hypertension and tinnitus. It is worth noting that stress and hypertension are among the current serious threats to human health. Loud noise can also trigger cardiovascular diseases, resulting from increased blood pressure caused by noise. Noise does not only affect human beings, but also other organisms. For example, noise can affect wildlife by increasing the death risks by triggering an incapability of the predators to detect the prey. Introduction of noise in the new ecosystem can also reduce the portion of a usable habitat by either scaring away organisms or threatening them to extinction through the harmful consequences. Thus, process of curbing noise pollution is critical In this regard, curbing the amount of noise has been one critical area for engineers in their quest for sustainable development and production processes. Environmental engineers have defined the ability to control sound in a closed environment as Architectural Acoustics. Designers and engineers have studied

Law Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law Case Analysis - Essay Example The House of Commons can implement the judgement at its level. Considering the case of Spiliada Maritime V. Cansulex, the house of commons did not fully give a satisfaction to the defendant thus the defendant went ahead and made an appeal given by Lord Goff where He made a ruling that, there was enough natural form including applicable law relating to the matter, availability of witnesses, presence of the residence of the two parties and that the plaintiff had a possibility of obtaining foreign jurisdiction. Thus, there was making of a judgement by the Supreme Court. In this case, there is a judgement considering that there is no other jurisdiction that suits the requirements of the parties. The procedure the court follows includes; granting the basic principle when there is enough satisfaction by the court that there is another forum that can settle the dispute forum of the parties thus applying more suitably to the satisfaction of the parties. The court then determines the legal bu rden of proof which shows enough evidence. The Supreme Court then determines who lies with the burden depending on the existence of a natural or a forum which is appropriate. After this, the court finds the factors that show there is the existence of another forum which entails the presence of enough witnesses as well as the law that will be under administration in settling the dispute. At this moment, the court will get to a conclusion as to whether another forum is available. If there is another forum, the court then grants a stay considering the circumstances surrounding the dispute as seen in the ruling of Lord Goff1. Factors that the court takes into consideration and illustrative cases In relation to the forum non conveniens, its appropriateness is brought to question and also the applicability of the principle of forum non conveniens. This relates to cost, the outcome as well as the delays in the implementation of the principle. The principle finds its application in internat ional law especially in the private section. Its long process of implementation makes the principle to be in use in the domestic system, which involves cases where the judicial structure does not have a structure that has unification and where the judicial system is federal. The uncertainty of the outcome is due to the expansions in the level of jurisdiction in the legislation where plaintiffs can file a suit at their residential places. According to the code of civil procedure, there should be the filling of suits in the residential place of the defendant rather than that of the plaintiff. There are many details in this system due to the fact that the defendant will not accept the filling of the suit to take place at the residence of the plaintiff; this is because it may be taken as a weapon of harassment forcing the defendant to go to the residence of the plaintiff which may be far. Further, many past judgements have taken effect thus the court may have a challenge in deciding whi ch is the best channel to solve the dispute amicably thus leading to delays. There are enormous costs from the implementation of this principle where, the defendant and the plaintiff may face off due to the fact that they have the right for the cases to be heard at the place due to the cost as well as moving there witnesses to the residence

Nation and States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Nation and States - Assignment Example Therefore, characteristics that identify a state include existence of a form of government, an organized economy, recognition of other existing states and their territorial legitimacy (White 67). The above distinctions between a state and a nation imply for instance that the Chinese, Americans, French and Swedes are nations, but China, United States of America, France, and Sweden are states (Shelley ix). Sometimes there are no clear distinctions between the two especially when countries such as the United States and India include smaller units also referred to as â€Å"states† but internationally, the these countries are still recognized as states. There are also examples where some nations and states have a close connection such as the case of most Japanese people living in state of Japan while a majority those residing in the state of Japan are also Japanese nationals. There are also cases where nations exist in more than one state in addition to a single state having several nations. This is the case for Arabs who are the many states found in North Africa and South-west Asia. Several definitions have been used to describe the Arab nation including those who are from the lineage of people ancient Arabia, those who speak Arabic as first language and having citizenship of a country that belongs to the League of Arab States. However, there is no single state for all Arab natio nals but multiple states that include Qatar, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Egypt among others (Shelley ix). Several factors place a nation like the United States at an advantaged position over a state like Afghanistan.  

Markiting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markiting - Case Study Example The paper would make an attempt to explore marketing mix of Sainsbury’s (2011), effect of internet on the same, issues that have arose from cultures or globalisation and Search engine optimisation (Pickton & Masterson, 496-499, 2010). Marketing Mix Product Quite understandably, being a retailer the product of Sainsbury’s (2011) ranges from grocery to home furniture, organic products to frozen foods, sports goods to clothing, from fashion to DVDs, the product line of Sainsbury’s is spread over different products. However, the focus has been to create a product line, which is more inclined towards non-perishable items rather than perishable items. For most of the large sized stores of Sainsbury’s would end up stocking more than 30,000 lines. However, important here to note is that out of these 30,000 lines around 6,000-7,000 product lines would be the company’s â€Å"own label† goods. Important here to note is that Sainsbury has been actively e xtending many product lines as well. For example, there are more than 700 line of the â€Å"basic† product, which the economy product line of the company. Furthermore, the company has also extended to include more than 1100 premium products in its line under the umbrella of â€Å"Taste the difference† category. Moreover, this has also allowed the company to customise its product line greatly. Sainsbury’s is now selling many well-known brands and along with them, it is selling many brands that have been custom made for its customers. Place Without any doubts, the factor of place has great importance in marketing. The company currently holds more than 872 stores all over United Kingdom. The stores appear to be in three formats including the regular stores, convenience and smaller supermarkets and the hypermarkets. In order to satisfy the needs and demand, there are some superstores of the company that operate on a 24/7 basis. The format of the store opened by Sain sbury’s largely depends upon the area and the need of the customers of that locality (Lancaster & Massingham, pp. 264-266, 2010). Important here to note is that how well Sainsbury’s and other retailers have been able to respond to the threat of disintermediation. Critics predicated that with the rise of brick and motor companies, retailers would become extinct. However, Sainsbury has been able to respond well to the challenge of disintermediation by intermediation and setting up new online business. Promotion Sainsbury’s has been an aggressive marketer and promoter for its products. The same is evident with the fact that recently, Sainsbury’s signed a deal with the administration of 2012 Summer Paralympics, which will take place during 29 August and 9 September 2012. Sainsbury’s has taken a bold step by signing a deal, which is the largest in the history of this event. Sainsbury’s also takes the credit of giving the advertising world â€Å" the best known slogan in retail advertising† which is of â€Å"Good Food Costs Less at Sainsbury’s.† Furthermore, since 2000, after being pushed at the third position in the retail industry of United Kingdom, it pursued aggressive promotion strategies. Using Jamie Oliver as the ambassador for the corporation, it has been able to add more than extra 1 billion Euros

The Treasury Profile For Marks & Spencer PLC Essay

The Treasury Profile For Marks & Spencer PLC - Essay Example The strategies and policies for administering these risks are being deliberated in this research essay. M& S is offering high grade quality clothing, exotic food and top grade home products. It has also expanded its operations in many foreign nations and is now operating in 43 foreign locations other than UK. M& S offers a wide range of high grade quality clothing, exotic food and top grade home products, which includes categories like kitchen accessories, house accessories, novelty gifts, decorations, various brands TVs, women’s accessories and clothing, men’s underwear accessories and clothing, office supplies, lingerie, men’s shoes, etc. Marks & Spencer Group is having a centralised Group treasury department to administer the funding requirements of the group and to manage the financial risk in tune with its approved Board’s treasury procedures and policies and operate within their delegated powers. M&S is having a record of twenty –one million satisfied customers in UK alone. It has achieved only a marginal increase in sales of 0.44% in the year 2009 as compared to 2008 due to impact of global economic recession. M& S is constantly paying its attention to customers by frequent surveys and research analysis, by monitoring sales and direct feedback from its customer’s service team. M& S is one of the leading retail chain stores in UK and also operates in many other countries. It has record sales of  £ M 9062.10 in the year 2009. Given its scale and size of the company, it is under heavy pressure to finance its both working capital needs and also in the long-term debt needs. To facilitate its funding needs, M&S group is operating a centralised Group treasury department to administer the funding needs of the group and to manage and control the financial risks in line with its Board of Director’s acknowledged treasury policies and with help of their delegated authorities. Treasury

Logistic assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Logistic assignment - Essay Example In future, the group plans to get into the process of higher levels of difficulties. According to the plan, with prior approval of umpire, the company plans to move into level two and then level three. The strategy has both strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of the strategy undertaken by the company at present, is that the company is involved in producing the standardised model. It means the methodologies involved are relatively simpler. So, the production is higher. Also, the cost of holding is comparatively lesser and there are no such wastage of resources for reworks, machine down times and scrap. The cost of labour is much lower in the present level of difficulty. Also, it is found that the semi fixed costs are also lower in the first level of difficulty. As the products are standardised, the demand of the products are also higher by almost double. Apart from the strengths, there are also many weaknesses related with the present strategy. As the present strategy caters to the standard model of products, the market is getting to be extinct sooner or later. Therefore, the company have to diversify into advanced models. Also, in the present strategy, the production capacity is lower. As there were both positives as well as negatives for the present strategy, the manufacturing group is moving towards the developed strategy which includes modern concepts like that of forecasting, scheduling and capacity. Forecasting – Though often thought to be alike and confused, forecasting is much different from goal. Forecasting is the way to predict the happenings in the future. Forecasting is part of the decision making mechanism of the company. The major implementation of the function of forecasting is that in the inventory control, requirements of manpower and the selection of capacity and the location of facility (Loerch, n.d.). It is good for the manufacturing group that it has incorporated forecasting with in the future

Physical Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Physical Science - Essay Example This situation could be reversed and normal operation restored after diagnosing the problem. In this context, the portable room heater needs to have high resistance so as to be effective in emission of heat. As such, a high current would be required for this function. The high current demanded by the heater would cause a high flow of current in the electric connection in the room. The circuit breaker exposed to the high current would cause the metal strip in it to warm up and bend away, breaking the circuit connection in the room, breaking normal electric supply which causes the lights to go off. Similarly, the metal strip in the circuit breaker could be of too low resistance. As such, it fails to contain the flow of current required for normal operation of the room heater. As such, any slight rise in the current above what sustains lighting of the bulbs in the room would exceed its resistance threshold, warming up the metal strip causing it to bend away from the circuit and breaking the electric connection and the lights go

Psychology Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay Psychodynamic: One advantage of psychodynamic therapy is the relationship that is formed between the psychologist and the patient. The patient is able to form trust in the psychologist which makes it easier for them to talk about their problems. Another advantage is the ability for the psychologist to give a human opinion. They can tell the client what they think is best for them specific to the client’s needs. Client-centered: The advantage of this is the fact that the client is the one to guide him or herself. The psychologist is only there to channel the person’s thoughts but not to judge, direct, or interpret them. Secondly, this procedure is very encouraging. It gives the client a feeling of acceptance and makes them think that there is hope to be cured. Counterconditioning: An advantage of counterconditioning is that it makes the person face the fear that consumes them. In exposure therapies, the person is put in the situation that he or she fears and is forced to face it and act in a calm manor. The second advantage would be that the person is conditioned to shy away from a problem. An unwanted response is paired with a problem (such as an addiction) which will make the person not want to go back to that problematic item. Cognitive-behavioral: The advantage of this psychotherapy is that incorporates the functioning of the brain and finding out how they can change its function to change the mood of the patient. This goes onto more of a biological level, providing treatment that can be administered medically instead of only speaking to a psychologist. The other advantage of this is that it will alter the way the person acts altogether. They will become calm if they are anxious and or make people aware of their negativity and teach them to replace it with positive thoughts.

The Dna Extraction Essay Example for Free

The Dna Extraction Essay 1. The salt contributes positively charged atoms that neutralise the normal negative charge of DNA. Salt is used at a high molarity due to the fact that it precipitates all of the proteins out. DNA is insoluble in low molar salt solutions but soluble in low molar salt solutions thus keeping the DNA in solution. 2. blending the onion will homogenize the mixture and it helps with the breakdown of the cell walls. Blending saves one the time and effort of using a motar and pestle, however it may break a lot of the DNA which is not favourable as one needs a lot of DNA for the extraction. 3. The enzymes in the soap are used to break down the lipid (fat) molecules of the cells nuclear membranes releasing the contents of the cell crucially including the DNA. These enzymes in the soap are what break down grease while washing dishes. 4. The DNA does not dissolve in this alcohol but rather pushes up through and out of the solution or precipitates. It is less dense than water or cell scum which is what settles to the bottom of the glass so it floats up into the alcohol layer, where you see it as a snotty, string-like substance, with small bubbles formed on it. 5. Because protein is stored in them for the nutrition of the new plants. 6. It is too small to be seen with the naked eye. What you extracted is millions of strands of DNA. In addition to that, whilst the substance was heated, the DNA got denatured which results in it looking more like a ladder than a helix. 7. Most of the DNA extracted during this proccess comes from the nucleus of the cell. AIM: The purpose of this experiment is to extract DNA from a variety of cells (Onion cells in particular) and see DNA molecules. This will show that, contrary to popular opinion, DNA is not just found in blood cells, but in a variety of tissues. Prior knowledge should include the fact that cell membranes are layers of lipids, or fat molecules, that DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell, and that enzymes speed up chemical reactions. HYPOTHESIS: DNA is present in the cells of all living organisms. METHOD: 1. Prepare two water baths one at 60Â °C and another filled with ice and water, around 4Â °C. For the hot water bath, a large metal pot can be used along with a thermometer with an appropriate temperature range. For the ice bath, a mixing bowl filled with ice and water works well. 2. For each onion, make a solution consisting of 10 ml of liquid dishwashing detergent and 1.5 g of table salt. Put in a 250 ml beaker and emulsify. 3. Add distilled water to make a final volume of 100 ml. Dissolve the salt by stirring slowly to avoid foaming. 4. Coarsely chop one large onion with a food processor or blender and put into a 1000 ml mixing bowl. For best results, do not chop the onion too finely. The size of the pieces should be like those used in making spaghetti. It is better to have the pieces too large than too small. 5. Cover chopped onion with the 100 ml of solution from step 2. The liquid detergent causes the cell membrane to break down and dissolves the lipids and proteins of the cell by disrupting the bonds that hold the cell membrane together. The detergent causes lipids and proteins to precipitate out of the solution. Salt enables nucleic acids to precipitate out of an alcohol solution because it shields the negative phosphate end of DNA, causing the DNA strands to come closer together and coalesce. 6. Put the measuring cup in a hot water bath at 60Â °C for 10-12 minutes. During this time, press the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. (Do not keep the mixture in the hot water bath for more than 15 minutes because the DNA will begin to break down.) If using a large metal pot for water bath, remove the pot from the stove before placing the onion-containing measuring cup inside—the procedure is safer if the pot is off the burner. Cont inue to monitor temperature of water bath and make adjustments as needed. 7. The heat treatment softens the phospholipids in the cell membrane and denatures the DNAse enzymes which, if present, would cut the DNA into small fragments so that it could not be extracted. 8. Cool the mixture in an ice water bath for 5 minutes. During this time, press the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. This step slows the breakdown of DNA. 9. Filter the mixture through a #6 coffee filter or four layers of cheese cloth placed in a strainer over a 4-cup measuring cup. When you filter the onion mixture, try to keep the foam from getting into the filtrate. It sometimes filters slowly, so you might want to put the whole set up in the refrigerator and let it filter overnight. 10. Dispense the onion solution into a test tube. The test tube should contain about 1 teaspoon of solution or be about 1/3 full. For most uniform results among test tubes, stir the solution frequently when dispensing it into the tubes. There is not an adva ntage to dispensing more than one teaspoon of solution into a test tube. The solution can be stored in a refrigerator for about a day before it is used for the laboratory exercise. When the solution is removed from the refrigerator, it should be gently mixed before the test tubes are filled. 11. Add cold alcohol to the test tube to create an alcohol layer on top of about 1 cm. For best results, the alcohol should be as cold as possible. The alcohol can be added to the solution in at least three ways: (a) Fill a pasteur pipette with alcohol, put it to bottom of the test tube, and release the alcohol. (b) Or, put about 1 cm of alcohol into the bottom of a test tube and add the onion solution. (c) Or, slowly pour the alcohol down the inside of the test tube with a pasteur pipette or medicine dropper. DNA is not soluble in alcohol. When alcohol is added to the mixture, all the components of the mixture, except for DNA, stay in solution while the DNA precipitates out into the alcohol layer. 1 2. Let the solution sit for 2-3 minutes without disturbing it. It is important NOT to shake the test tube. You can watch the white DNA precipitate out into the alcohol layer. When good results are obtained, there will be enough DNA to spool on to a glass rod, a pasteur pipette that has been heated at the tip to form a hook, or similar device. A wooden skewer or nut pick (small metal rod with curved tip) may also work well for spooling DNA if Pasteur pipette is unavailable. DNA has the appearance of white mucus. CONCLUSION: With these findings we can conclude that DNA is present and can be found in the cells of all living organisms and not just in those of the human body.

Optical Sensors for Biological and Chemical Measurement

Optical Sensors for Biological and Chemical Measurement This Literature review is divided into three main parts. They are, Surface Plasmon Resonance, BIACORE 3000 and Winspall. In these three mechanism, Surface Plasmon Resonance stood a basic platform for optical bio- sensing whereas BIACORE 3000 is an extended version. On the other hand, Winspall is a special software used to simulate the reflectivity curves. The first part of the literature review is Surface Plasmon Resonance which explains the basic concept, sensors used in SPR and application in major areas. And also the future trend of Surface Plasmon Resonance sensors has been explained. Similarly the next section has a detailed structure of BIACORE 3000 describing its sensitivity and throughput along with new instrument software. As mention above that Winspall is a special software, it has been clearly discussed in third part. In this discussion, how the reflectivity curve is simulated with the help of Winspall software is explained with taking as an example of Reflection at air- g lass interface. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Introduction: For the past two decades there is a massive increase in the field of research and development of optical sensors for the measurement of chemical and biological quantities. Measuring CO2 and O2 Concentration were developed by optical chemical sensors which is the first optical device based on the measurement changes in absorption spectrum (Lubbers, et al. 1975). The chemical sensors and biosensors use various optical methods such as Ellipsometry, Interferometry, Spectroscopy and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). In these sensors a required amount is determined by measuring the refractive index, absorbance and fluorescence properties of analyte molecules (Wolfbeis et al., 1991). In late seventies, the potential of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for characterization of thin films (Pockrand et al., 1978) and monitoring processes at metal interfaces (Gordon II et al., 1980) had been recognized. In 1982, Nylander and Liedberg demonstrated the typical use of SPR for gas detection and bio-se nsing (Nylander et al., 1982). For the measurement of physical, chemical and biological quantities new SPR sensing configuration as well as application of SPR- sensing devices were developed since from the scientific community SPR had received continuously growing attention. In optical bio- sensing more than 75% of the research are based on the SPR, and SPR sensors are used commercially by several leading organizations in the field of direct real- time observation of the bio- molecular interactions. What is meant by SPR: SPR has many practical applications in sensitive detectors and it is having the ability to detect sub-monomolecular coverage. This phenomenon was first observed by Wood in 1902 (Wood, 1902), according to him, SPR is a pattern of anomalous dark and light bands in the reflected light when the light is polarised on a mirror with a diffraction grating on its surface. And the phenomenon of physical interpretation was initiated by Lord Rayleigh (Rayleigh, 1907) and additionally it was enhanced (Fano et al., 1941) but since 1968 there is no detail and complete explanation of the phenomenon. In the same year Otto (Otto, et al. 1969) and Kretschmann and Raether (Kretschmann, et al., 1968) reported in detail about the excitation of surface Plasmons. Optical chemical sensors and biosensors in SPR: Usually, an Optical sensor is a transducing medium which correlates the optical and bio- chemical domains and the system which supports the optoelectronic components of an electronic system and allowing data processing. The transducing medium converts the quantity of interest change into refractive index change which may be estimated by optically interrogating the SPR. The SPR sensor of an optical system contain two parts, one is the source of optical radiation and another one is the optical structure in which surface Plasma Waves (SPW) is excited and interrogated. In this SPR interrogation process, the electronic system process and generates the electronic signal and the properties of sensors subsystem only determines the major properties of an SPR sensor. The properties of an optical system and the transducing medium is dependent to the sensor sensitivity, stability and resolution whereas the selectivity and response time of the sensor are mostly estimates by the properties of tran sducing medium. Technologies and materials used in SPR-sensing devices: There are various technologies employed in the fabrication of SPR sensors since SPR chemical sensing and bio- sensing has multidisciplinary nature. But in particular there are two technologies which are considered as most important on the fabrication of SPR sensors. They are the fabrication of the optical part of the sensing element and preparation of Opto- chemical transducing medium. Application of SPR sensors in major areas: Measurement of physical quantities in SPR Based upon the sensitivity of SPR to the momentum of the incident light wave the displacement (Margheri et al., 1996) and angular position of SPR sensors is measured. For the development of SPR -sensing devices various optical transducing materials have been exploited including the refractive index changes of porous thin layers and polymers (Weiss et al., 1996) by humidity sensor and a temperature sensor based on the thermo- optic effect (Chadwick, 1993). SPR chemical sensing: Direct measurement of refractive index using an SPR sensor can be achieved by complexity variation in the concentration of analyte and due to the adsorption or chemical reaction of an analyte with a transducing medium the measurement of SPR variation are dependent to chemical SPR sensors which results in changes in its optical properties. Surface Plasmon Resonance Bio- sensing In 1983, the first application of SPR to bio- sensing was demonstrated (Liedberg, 1983), previously the demonstration was carried out and developed by some other groups (Flanagan et al., 1984). The real time bio- specific interaction analysis method was the first survey on Surface Plasmon Resonance which is appeared on 1994 (Lundstrà ¶m, 1994) frequently used and continuously improved for examination of kinetic and thermodynamics constants of bio- molecular interactions. The direct detection of binding reaction is used for the purpose of analyte quantification, however, the adsorption of small molecules produces the increase in refractive index which is not sufficient to detect directly. Commercialization of Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor technology: The first commercial SPR bio- sensor was launched on 1990 by Swedish BIAcore AB which leads to systematic development of SPR bio- sensor technology. Then the BIAcore sensor technology has been further developed in terms of speed, throughput and accuracy. At present BIAcore offers a number of models of SPR bio- sensors (BIACORE 3000, BIACORE 2000, BIACORE X, BIACORE 1000, BiacoreQuant) (Sinclair et al., 1990). By further growth of commercialisation of optical bio- sensor system results in the development of another SPR bio- sensor system (TI- SPR- 1Experimenters Kit, Spreeta Evaluation Kit) by Texas Instrument in USA [127]. There is another SPR bio- sensor system called Kinetic instrument 1 which has been developed by Bio TuL Bio Instruments GmbH (Germany). The recent SPR sensor which is commercially available is waveguide- based device using wavelength interrogation in a multimode optical fibre developed by EBI sensors (Washington, USA). Future trends in development of Surface Plasmon Resonance sensors Even though SPR is used in many fields, there is a necessity for detection and analysis of chemical and bio- chemical substances in many significant areas such as medical, environmental monitoring, bio- technology, drug and food monitoring. SPR sensor technology holds potential for applications in the mentioned areas. At present SPR bio- sensors devices compete with other types of bio- sensors (Owen, 1997) and the currently available bio- sensors covers only some degree of area of (bio) chemical monitoring market aiming primarily at research and analytical laboratories. So, a new SPR bio- sensor is need to compete the existing system to cover the specialised laboratories and testing sites on the basis of factor such as cheap, ease of use, robustness, sensitivity and stability. Conclusion For the past 10 years there is a great improvement in Surface Plasmon Resonance sensors technology with many numbers of applications. Even more the SPR sensors technology will get growth and extend in the usage by developing new type of bio- sensors which competes the existing system and also designing low- cost, allow sensitive and fast in speed. BIAcore 3000 Introduction For label free studies of bio- molecular binding, BIAcore 3000 is considered as highest performance research system which is existing currently. The substances such as lipid vesicles, viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells which are ranging from small molecules to crude extracts can be studied. Speed, strength and specificity of binding and determination of active concentration of components questions have been answered by BIAcore 3000 and it is an ideal tool for functional proteomics. For the future trends, there are lot to invent technically which has to meet the highest demands for efficiency, sensitivity and flexibility. The awareness and experience of BIAcore 3000 is an effective guide for the users without effort through preparation, evaluation and experimentation has been incorporated into Wizards. This BIAcore 3000 follows the C- language Conditional IF/THEN statements to response perfectly to changes in run conditions, since it provide a trend analysis and preliminary result s at the end of runs. For an individual sample characterisation BIAcore 3000 is used to design, where the highest resolution in kinetic analysis and automation of multi- sample analyses is crucial and it provides a superior performance for kinetic analysis. Highest signal to noise ratio and a high data acquisition achieves increased resolution. BIACORE 3000 represents the logical next step in the development of BIACORE systems for sophisticated binding studies, with better sensitivity, higher throughput, improved liquid flow properties and an easier software interface than previous system in the series (Francis, 1998). High sensitivity BIAcore has an working range as little as 10 RU, but it can be able to detect up to 70000 RU (one RU is equivalent to one picogram protein per square millimetre on the sensor surface) and also it has highest sensitivity to monitor the bio- molecular binding which ensures in the interpretation of related kinetic data and in the detection of binding events. The molecular weights of the binding partners and experimental conditions are dependent to the measurement of kinetic and affinity parameters. The controlled experimental conditions ensure precisely in the design of micro- fluidic pathway and in the detection system of BIAcore 3000. By comparing to other BIAcore systems, BIAcore 3000 has the ability to generate twice the signal from the same sample injection time. The micro- fluidic pathway of BIAcore 3000 has four flow cells overlaid in single sensor surface in which the each cell consists with a volume of 0.02  µl. During a single sample injection one cell has used to be as a true reference. The resolution and information from a single run will be maximised by automatic in- line reference subtraction and the signals will be resolved by reducing the background noise. Improved Throughput There is a significant difference in the design of IFC, between BIAcore 3000 and to its predecessors, where the height of the flow cells has been reduced to less than half. This may create some trivial sound, but the binding measurement in the screening application and kinetic analysis has important consequences. The mass transfer of analyte to the surface height is improved by the consequence of the lower flow cell, where as the height is inversely proportional to the mass transfer co- efficient for diffusion controlled transfer. If the height is increased by the factor 2, then the mass transfer co- efficient for diffusion will decreases by factor 1.6. Similarly, we can link this to the practical terms, that is, the faster kinetics can be measured without interference from mass transfer process. It also means that same response is achieved in the shorter time in a mass transfer limited situation in which the sample throughput is increased in screening situations. The improved sensit ivity enhances the gain which allows the system to work at lower relative response levels confidently. Streamlined wash routines between the introduction of new reagent rack and analysis cycles improves the automated analysis situation by throughput which allows 192 wells in two micro- plates to be used for samples. But some users of BIAcore 3000 says that clogging problems in the flow system is due to the reduced flow cell height when particular samples such as crude extracts or whole cell suspension are used. At the same time the users do not report problems when the clogging in micro- flow systems is quoted as an argument in favour of open curvette systems even when the analyses involving whole cells and there is no cause to think that the lower flow cell height in the BIAcore will built important clogging problems (Francis M, 1998). Software The BIAcore 3000 instruments have large improvements technically by introduction of new softwares which is designed to improve the analysis quality and to simplify the operation. Latest versions of the control software BIAcore 2000 have all these features. The BIAcore 2000 and BIAcore 3000 consists two- channel system BIAcore X with line reference subtraction method. Due to this, the users can progress and evaluate their data with confidently and also the data quality improves to large extent. The new IFC (Integrated fluidic cartridge) in the BIAcore 3000 is used to bypass the flow cells and to improve the cost- efficiency of chip operation. The features of BIAcore control software is due to the introduction of application wizards since the application wizard provides step by step information in a clear way to a particular kind of experiment for designing and interpreting the results with on-line help and feedback give the correct chance of achievement. The informations through on-li ne functions and the wizards were created based on the experience of binding studies over the years and it provides a new experience to the users and benefits to the companys expertise. Conclusion In summary, BIAcore 3000 is considered as most advanced system in the series of BIAcore and also it represents the present state of the art in technology for affinity- based bio- sensors. The system will extend the range of applications by the technology with higher sensitivity, improve in sampling handling and enhanced kinetic analysis facilities to cover many of the small molecules like cofactors, signalling substances present in the basic science research and drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry. For dealing the large amount of high quality data, the refinement of hardware and computer software involved in the BIAcore system can provide and this is considered as a developed approach. Processing the data in the system becomes more and more of a bottle neck since the automated analysis becomes faster and more complicated. Winspall Introduction: To simulate the surface Plasmon resonance curves special software is designed based on the Fresnel formalism which is called as Winspall, developed by A. Scheller at the Max Planck Institute for polymer Research (Chifen, 2007). This software is very easy to use and gives accurate results when simulating the reflection curves (RES- TEC, 2010). Similarly, Winspall software is also used to determine the layer thickness in deposited LB (Langmuir- Blodgett) layers (KSV Inst, 2010). In many practical and commercial application electronic components such as sensors, detectors, displays and circuit boards provides the ability to assemble ordered molecular films with tailored functionality over macroscopic lateral dimensions. This technique is called as Langmuir- Blodgett (LB) deposition. In this deposition, technique the air- water interface contains micro particles and nano particles which are to be compressed and transferred to solid substrate. Here, the Winspall software is used to find t he deposition thickness between the particle layers and also the Fresnel coefficients of each film/ layer with recursion formalism will be calculated (Chifen, 2007). Simulation of Reflectivity curve using Winspall: As mentioned above, Winspall is used to simulate the reflection curves; this section gives a detail view how the reflected curve is simulated using Winspall software with an example. Let us consider an easy prism experiment, base of the prism reflects the laser beam and reflected light is the function of the angle of incidence. Now this reflected curve from the prism is going to be simulating using Winspall. So for this, we need the optical prism constant and air constant. The Winspall software consists of a special simulation parameter table (Fig 2) where the optical comments are to be filled; depending upon the optical parameters the simulation results will be made. For the above example we have to fill the optical components parameter such as prism and air. The first optical parameter is prism; we have to enter the thickness (no 1) 0 for in the table. And then the real and imaginary part of dielectric constant should be filled. The real part of dielectric constant is 2.29 in our example and the imaginary part is zero due to the absence of adsorption in the glass. The second optical component is air (no 2), no thickness and real part of dielectric constant is 1 and imaginary part is zero. Now the simulation parameters are filled in the table. The next step is to click the OK button to get simulation output. Once the OK button is clicked on the simulation parameter window, we will get a simulation curve as an output (Fig 3) for the filled values in the table in separate window. This is the typical curve describes the total internal reflection occurred in the prism and the reflected light separates high index from low index material. In general whenever a light passes through the interface, there will be no reflection at low angles, when the angle gets large the total internal reflection will occur. Below the window shows the simulation output for the values which were filled in the table. This graph explains that below 39 degree there is no reflection, when the angle increases the light get reflects until the total internal reflection is reached. Now to modify or to adjust the reflectivity curve, extra optical components value should be added in the table. In the above case, we are going to add another component between the glass and the air. It is 50 nm thick gold layer with the optical constants Eps-X real=-12.45 and Eps-X imag=1.3. Due to the minor differences in the evaporation process the above mentioned optical constant values for gold varies to some extent. Once these values are entered and we clicked OK button in the simulation parameter window, we will get a curve which is entirely different when compared to previous output (Fig 3). Because of reflective property of gold, first the total internal reflection becomes very thin from 0 to almost 1 and then around 43 degrees a surface Plasmon shows up a strong dip in reflectivity. Due to this strong dip, now the total intensity will jump in this Plasmon and there wont be any part of light reflection occurs. This simulation output curve describes the optical properties of a typical blank substrate used for surface Plasmon measurements. The below shown window consists of simulation output for newer optical component values Now to get real Plasmon and thin layers, a 3nm thick gold layer is added on the top with the dielectric constant of 2.11 (n=1.45) maybe some polymer or a protein. Once the new dielectric constant value in added, there will be a change in the simulation output curve (Fig 4) i.e. the Plasmon resonance shifted a little. We are now about half a degree higher. This shift can be easily measured and for the investigation of such thin layers Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy is well apt. Similarly to get thicker layer 30 nm thick gold layer used on the top which gives result as stronger shift of the Plasmon resonance. But when try to increase the strong shift of Plasmon resonance curve by using 300 nm thick layers a very sharp dip is found in the reflectivity curve at smaller angle. At this smaller a new waveguide mode occurred instead of Plasmon. By increasing the thickness i.e. by adding the thick gold layer with different nm thick on the top we will get more and more waveguides on the reflect ivity spectrum. The below window diagram shows the five waveguide modes in the range for 70 degree for 3 micro meter thick layer. At the same time waveguides can also be found in s-polarised light. This s-polarised light waveguides are also can be simulate by Winspall software. On the other hand, using the Winspall software the Surface Plasmon Resonance curve can be evaluated very easily. This is carried out by the same process, just filling the simulation parameter table. Conclusion: Winspall is special user- friendly software to represent the Surface Plasmon Resonance curves and also it very easy to carry the simulation and evaluation of reflectivity curves.

Hydropower And Wind Potentials In Hong Kong Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydropower And Wind Potentials In Hong Kong Environmental Sciences Essay For decades mankind are in search for new energy resources to deal with the depleting fossil fuel. A lot of renewable energy and associated technologies were developed to assist current energy use to mitigate the imperative energy crisis. The current issues of climate change and global warming accelerated the needs into researches on renewable technologies even more. Hong Kong is a special city with limited energy resources in a densely populated space. Current energy source in Hong Kong mostly rely on imported fossil fuels. The intention of replacing fossil fuel with other alternatives have become clear in both Government and non- Government Organisations. The Energy Efficiency Office (EEO); Electrical, Mechanical Service Department (EMSD), HKSARG has performed a study on feasibilities of various kinds of renewable energy in Hong Kong in 2001 (EMSD, 2001), the study gave an overview on feasibility of Solar, Wind, Fuel cells, Energy-from-Waste, and some other alternative energy. Every technologies was analysed, giving a conclusion that solar will be the most viable renewable energy source. The study of Tidal, and Hydroelectricity, however, was loosely studied due to the belief that they are relatively new technologies. However, although they are not being researched until very recent years, they have been used by human long beyond history. Mills that uses tidal energy has been found in the 12th century (Wallechinsky), whereas the hydro-energy was used even further back to Ancient Greek and Roman, where they use hydro-power for grinding mills (The U.S. Department of Energy). BagcÄ ± carried out a research in 2008 targeted to study the potential of developing a zero energy region in outer Island. Peng Chau was analyzed with different implementations of renewable energy and it is shown that a combination of solar, wind and hydro energy were a possible solution towards an Island that is independent from fossil fuel energy supply (BagcÄ ±, 2009). Despite the researches above, there is little research on full scale analysis on the feasibility of Hydro and Tidal energy in Hong Kong. Therefore it is of interest to determine whether the advances of technologies have gain points for Tidal and Hydro energy as potential alternative energy sources in Hong Kong. Tidal Energy Figure 1. Operating principle of Tidal Barrages (Palmer, 2008) Tidal Energy is a result from gravitational force between celestial body such as the earth, moon, sun etc., as the moon is the nearest among other celestial body, it is usually considered as the only contributor to the tidal formation. The moon rotates around the earth every 27.3 days and the earth rotates along its axis every 24hr. The net effect is that tidal fluctuation occures twice each 24 hour 50 mins, same as the earth rotation period with respect to the earth-moon system (World Energy Council, 2004). The amplitude from such fluctuation is called the tidal range, and is the energy that can be captured through a turbo-generator in tide barrage to produce electricity (Figure 1). It is suggested that Tidal energy can provides 5 % of the electricity generated worldwide (Palmer, 2008). According to the meteorological data provided by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), Hong Kong displays a gradual change in tidal characteristics, both in tidal range and tidal occurance of high and low tides travelling from southeast to the northwest across the territory. Within a tidal cycle, Waglan Island is the first to experience high tide and low tide whereas Tsim Bei Tsui is the last. Tsim Bei Tsui however, possess the largest mean tidal range of 1.4m, where Waglan Island and Victoria Habour generally possess a tidal range within 1m. (CEDD, 2002; HKO, 2009) Hydro energy Hydro energy shares the same energy carrier with Tidal energy, in which energy from water flow is captured with a marine turbine to generate electricity. It can be install anywhere as soon as water flow exists. Scales of Hydropower generator can be as large as constructions of dam to micro scales, usually found in small villages. Large scale generators were not considered to be implemented as no suitable sites were avaliable. In the report by EMSD, Hydro-energy were briefly analysed, and it is shown that potential of hydro-power in Hong Kong is relatively low compared to wind and solar energy (EMSD, 2001). Despite the feasilbility of Hydroelectricity dam in Hong Kong, there is a debate on the emission of greenhouse gas via this technology. A few studies had suggested that hydroelectric dam will generate three times more than fossil fuel plant to generate the same amount of electricity, in which plants died underneath an operating dam possess anaerobic digestion, generating a significant amount of GHG, especially in south America tropical (e.g. Brazil, Argentina) where hydroelectricity dam is the main source of renewable energy supply. Therefore the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cleannessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of Hydropower is back in a debate (Graham-Rowe, 2005). Wind energy Wind energy is so well known and well developed that it is seen as the major potential renewable energy source that are viable in Hong Kong. Turbine were driven by wind to produce energy, scale of wind turbine are ranging from 198m high turbine generating 6 MW of electricity to some 2kW in micro size wind turbine. EMSD also analysed the potential sites for the installation of wind turbine, which a wind map was introduced for references by the public (Figure 2). Local applications include the famous 800kW wind turbine installed in Lamma Island, as well as the proposed wind farm in South-eastern Waters (EPD, 2006). Project Description This Project was targeted to review and anaylse the potential of Tidal and Hydro energy, and to compare them to the well developed Wind energy in Hong Kong. Since such energy sources are largely depend on meteorology, it is necessary to analyse as well as meteorological condition to determine which energy source are most suitable in Hong Kong. Moreover it is useful to review on current development of mentioned technologies to provide example for the implementation in Hong Kong. Objectives This project aims to: Give an overview of current energy consumption patterns in Hong Kong Provide an update on researches on Tidal, Hydro and Wind energy, these include Technologies involved and their latest development Overseas examples of application Potential strategy of implementation in Hong Kong Compare each of energy source to analyse their potential in Hong Kong, these include Meteorological assessment and potential energy gain Environmental Impact Assessment Cost Effectiveness / Costing Figure 2. Wind Power Density over the Region of Hong Kong (EMSD, 2001) Scope of Work To determine whether the technologies are competent in mitigation energy crisis in Hong Kong, it is always easier to understand how the locals use their energy, as well as the energy consumption in Hong Kong. Therefore it is reasonable to give a brief overview on energy flow pattern in Hong Kong. Energy source distribution, energy usage by different users can be obtained from the EEO, EMSD. Since Wind energy was well researched and there are a lot of applications in Hong Kong, wind energy will be used as a base for comparison with other technologies encountered in this project. Local and overseas examples will be discussed, as it provides a real life example into the application of such technologies. As mentioned before this project requires a significant amount of meteorological data, therefore meteorological observations from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) will be analysed to review the possibilities of implementing tidal, hydro and wind energy. Despite the HKO, observations from the Environmental Central Facilities can also available to the public for detail analysis of wind and tidal observations. (Environmental Central Facility) Lastly, if viable, a cost analysis on some of the technologies can be carry out to demonstrate the economy of such renewable technologies and thus cost effectiveness can be use as an indicator to compare the aforementioned technologies. Time Management This project is mostly a Literature Research Project with some analysis on meteorological observations. Major milestone includes: 31 January, 2010; submission of inception report 30 September, 2010; submission of preliminary findings 21 April, 2011; submission of project title and draft dissertation (tentative), and expression of intention to complete project 30 June, 2011; Oral Presentation (tentative) 8 August, 2011; submission of final dissertation (tentative) Appendix A shows a Gantt chart showing tentative schedule of the project, stating the milestones as well as phases of the project.

The Journey To Becoming A Nurse Nursing Essay

The Journey To Becoming A Nurse Nursing Essay My intellectual interests, academic and, professional objectives encouraged me to pick my field of study in healthcare, to be specific, the profession of nursing. During adolescence, children are encouraged to consider various majors and future career options. Some mature fast and realize their goals during early adolescence, some realize it mid-adolescence and, others late. I was uncertain about my career path during my early stages. However, my passion for the medical field was and still is firm. I come from a family made up physicians, pharmacists, nurses, laboratory technicians, and physician assistants; this, of course, influenced my familiarity with science majors.   With such an interest in mind, I began volunteering in hospitals at a young age, where I was surrounded by patients who approached me for assistance. I was able to assist the patients to the doctors office and always tried to have a conversation with the patient. In such an occurrence, I embraced the feeling of n eed and comfort from those whom I have helped. One notable experience that I have had was caring for my grandmother, who was difficult to cope with due to her massive mood swings and impatience. I knew she trusted and depended on me as she clutched my hands for guidance. At that time I knew I want to definitely take part in medical field. Therefore, I decided to take up field in health care profession after undergraduate studies. Passion, determination, and patience are important key terms to succeed in a health care profession: these characteristics work to my advantage. During my academic life, I continued exploring majors that would fit my goal. After much discussion with my college advisors, I came across Letters, Arts and Sciences at Abington College. As I researched further into the degree, I was sure I wanted to do LASAB. This is my chance to challenge myself by creating my own major that will help me fulfill my requirements for post- graduate studies, in nursing career. This academic helped me to find the way to the right career path that will introduce me to the healthcare world where it ______ me to earn a masters degree after finishing my bachelors. Over the course of my undergraduate studies, I have taken many courses that have helped me grasp the phenomena of science and patient care. College opened a new chapter in my life, a chapter filled with science. I comprehend with the facts and theories of the human body and admire the discoveries of new cause of illness and treatments which becomes a great advantage to the world as a whole. College life has made a great input in my life by helping me enter adulthood and gradually learning to cope with stress, manage time, and make responsible decisions for myself. The four core areas of the Letters, Arts, and Sciences major are Research Methods/ Projects Critical Analysis Communication Skills Theory/ Application Skills The courses that I have chosen to apply to these core requirements will fulfill the requirement for this degree and will benefit me in my planner Nursing career. The skills I gained from these courses are fundamental to becoming successful in a health care profession. Research is a process of study or examination of a subject from different points of view.  I have selected Microbiology 107; Elementary Microbiology Laboratory, and Chemistry 111 and 113; Experimental Chemistry to the Research Methods/ Projects to fulfill the core requirement. Microbiology 107: Elementary Microbiology Laboratory gave me an introduction about microbes. I learned the importance and the proper handling of microorganisms through demonstrations and working on each experiment. The lab has also helped me to identify and count bacteria, effects of chemical and physical agents on microorganisms. This course has helped me learn the importance of controlling microbial growth on peoples bodies and how failure to do so can lead to the spread of disease, especially in the hospital setting. Chemistry 111 and 113: Experimental Chemistry introduced me to chemicals and challenging experiments. It helped me better understand how to interpret data about various experiments that dealt with introductory chemistry. I learned to write a formal laboratory report, interpretation of data using statistics, and an appreciation for what instruments can do. Each of these courses will help me focus on areas that are relevant in the medical field. International Studies 100 fulfills to the Critical Analysis core requirement.  I believe it is important to be able to understand people and their background/culture, especially when working in the health-care profession. There is a great chance of meeting people from different diversity in my field. As a health care professional, I must learn and know about patients cultures while I treat them. This course has given me a basic understanding of the many cultures and their global issues, such as financial crisis, racism, health issues, and human rights issues. This course helped me to connect with different cultures, their domestic issues, and responses to human rights violations. In a hospital setting, health care professionals are faced with patients that have many different issues and one main issue would be race. Health-care professionals must understand that all come from different culture with different issues; therefore, we should not be judged by the race because we are all humans. We must treat people equally. We will be able to connect to patients better and help them deal with their illnesses better if we are knowledgeable about their culture. The course will help me to understand everyone better.   I apply INART001, Integrative Arts into the core requirement of communications skills. This course helped me to develop critical perception, knowledge, and judgments through examining the basic arts through communication. Communication is very important and this course helped me to communicate in both art and non- art situations. When one thinks of the health care, a complex array of professions come into mind. In order for all these professions to provide the best possible care for their patients, communication between them is vital. For example, suppose a patient has a penicillin allergy and the doctor ordered a medication that is a penicillin derivative. In that case, the pharmacist calls the doctor and a new medication is prescribed. This course helped me communicate in simple way that others will understand and gave me more confident. During my internship at the hospital, I noticed that communication is very important and presenting a simple communication will help the patie nt understand the nurse better. On the other side, Integrative arts such as art, music, dance or drama introduced as Art therapy in health care. This therapy was used to help child survivors of Hurricane Katrina overcome mental traumas and people with schizophrenia BBC news.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I place Anthropology 45, Cultural anthropology to the core requirement of Theory/Application skills. As I mentioned earlier, it is important to be able to understand people when working in the health-care profession. All societies have rules, standards, conventions and beliefs. Studying anthropology allowed me to understand how social culture work. As a health care professional, it is important to understand the society, government, religion and their culture. This course focused on human culture; I learned to appreciate cultural diversity. An in-depth knowledge into the human culture is especially important in todays health care, especially in a diverse country like the United States. Take, for example, the culture of Jehovahs Witnesses. This denomination prohibits blood transfusions for their believers. Respecting their wishes, hospitals now have bloodless surgeries where newer techniques have been developed that do not require blood transfusions, even for m ajor invasive surgeries like coronary artery bypass graft. Also in this day, a healthcare provider sees patients from various countries and various cultures. Something considered elementary in a culture might be considered taboo in another. For example, in the American society women have the same rights as men and considered capable to make their own decisions, as where in some cultures, its the man who makes the decisions in the family. In cases like this a healthcare provider must respect the differences and work with their patient to provide what is the best possible care for their female patients. Therefore, I must understand the rules and beliefs of other cultures so I can understand the patients better.   Everyday people face many different types of problems. It could be physical, emotional or mental stress. As a health care professional, it is important to understand the reasons for those problems and assisting the exact treatment Psychology is the science that enables me to connect to an individual through the mind to understand and deal with the mental processes and behavior of individual human beings. I have chosen five 400 level courses from three areas that relate to my theme. Those are Kinesiology 445: Alcohol and Drug Education, Psychology 470: Abnormal Psychology, Psychology 424: Applied Social psychology, Counselor Education 401: Foundations of Chemical Dependency Counseling, and Biology 495. Kinesiology 445: Alcohol and Drug Education helped me to understand and learn more about many types of drugs and alcohol uses not only in the American society but worldwide. Moreover, it has taught the drug physiology, drug-related health effects and issues related to social and psychological effects of drug use and abuse. Alcohol and Drug can affect peoples lives so fast. I did a research paper about Alcohol and drug, as part of the research I surveyed twenty neighbors and 80% of them addicted to alcohol and drugs. Most of them were addicted due to stress but some of them started out as a fun hobby. Many people find Alcohol and Drug as a solution to their problems. Therefore, I will definitely come across many patients that are addicted to alcohol and drugs. I am sure I am able to use the fundamental information from this course and apply it to the patients I might come across in my professional field. Another challenging course was Psychology 470: Abnormal Psychology has taught me the understanding of types of abnormal experience and behavior personality, as well as mental and psychotic disorders that impact multiple areas of a human life that might not be able to be diagnosed on a personal basis.  The most common disorders are Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Eating disorder, Autistic Disorder, Borderline personality disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. This course is mostly focused on the identification, treatment and understanding of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. It taught me the different diagnoses of types of behaviors, and it will definitely help me in my health profession, especially if I decided work on psychiatric department. Psychology 424: Applied Social psychology, gave me an overview of social psychological theories and research methods to field settings and to the study of social issues. It taught me how to conduct a survey and analyze a report based on a study. It has also helped me to understand the social life and how psychology applied to social life every day. Especially in health care settings, I must apply social psychology to understand social and practical problems thats happening around us. I must be motivated , making sense of my co-workers, social perceptions, and understanding the bias order for me to perform a satisfaction job that will draws a general impression for my characteristic such as intelligence. Counselor Education 401: Foundations of Chemical Dependency Counseling introduced me to the concept related to drug and alcohol dependency, diagnosis and assessment, its prevention, counseling and treatment of dependencies. It has helped me to understand how to deal with that are addicted to various types of drugs like cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines. A person becomes chemically dependent due to several factors such as environment, psychological, or genetic. Health care provide residential, outpatient, extended, and aftercare treatments for someone who is chemically dependent. On the other side, Twelve-Step meetings are available for those who interested in self-help recovery. I was assigned to attend a Twelve-Step meeting for Alcoholics Anonymous(AA). The stores that I heard during the meetings were depressing because they were so addicted to alcohol and regret their past. This meeting is part of the treatment to be sober. Chemical dependency is chronic and can be fatal. Somet imes, chemical dependency affects health care professionals and co-workers are aware of the signs and symptoms. I have selected Nutrition 251, Sociology 035, and Biology 110 to full fill the humanities and the social science area. Nutrition 251, Introductory Principles of Nutrition, is a course that gave me more knowledge on principles of nutrition. This course broadens my knowledge about the physiological functions and food sources that related to human growth. It helped me to focus on my nutrition better and stay healthier. Especially in healthcare, it is important to make sure the patient is getting the right amount of nutrition. If the patients nutrition is imbalanced, it can cause diarrhea and risk of infection. Therefore all the knowledge that I learned from this class about nutrition will help me to provide a better nutrition life style to my patients. Sociology 035, is the study of aging in older people. The common beliefs, aspects of aging, how economy and family influence the aging process. The course helped me to be more kind, warm and practical with people .A nurse must be kind, sympathetic and compassionate because when I work with patients it will give me better knowledge on how to deal with everyone. I have compared facts that I learned from this class with my parents and grandparents behavior, which helped me understand them better. For example, as my grandparent get old, the chances of them listening to their kids are rare. Even if they are right or wrong , they want the kids to accept it. Once the kids get married and leave the house, the parents starting a new life where they are bonding more to each other. Thats something I have noticed in my grandparents life. All the knowledge that I acquired from this course will help me understand older peoples relation to others and how they would accept the world to live their li fe. Biology 110, Basic Concepts and Biodiversity, taught me the foundation of the basic concept of evolution. It gave me an understanding of living organisms, how genetic processes provide continuity between generations and how evolutionary processes take place. This course includes both lecture and lab. It is the study of living organisms; all life depends on certain physiological and chemical functions. To work in healthcare you must have a basic understanding of the underlying principles of life. These courses that I have listed above are important in my future education that I plan on focusing on after graduation. In health care, it is critical that students understand any individuals different characteristics and behaviors before I respond to patients symptoms. As a capstone course: BIOL 495, I have an internship, at Temples Jeanes Hospital in North East Philadelphia a. As an intern at the hospital, I have been assigned to the same day surgery unit department with patients. This opportunity will also allow me to work with professional staff and patients. It is my duty to go to each patient to check on them to make sure they are doing great because they are recovering from the surgery. Sometimes they would ask juice/water and some of them might need to use the rest room so it is my responsibility to take care of them. Meanwhile, I go with the nurses to each patients room when they go over the surgery procedures and learn how pre admission is done on a patient. I will be attending to the needs of patients that are undergoing different procedures and an opportunity to interact with surgeons, physician assistants, and nurses. It also will be hands on experience with all the skills and materials that I have learned in the courses that I have lis ted in this proposal   In conclusion, I feel that my education has shaped my life to what is today and these courses listed have gave me a better understanding about medical issues happening in this world. Health care profession is not a relaxing profession but demanding and stressful occupation, yet I am ready to face the various situations I may be in and become stronger and wiser in my profession and as a person. It is also a profession where every day I am guaranteed to touch a life or be touched by the lives of others. Letters, Arts, and Sciences at Abington will help me reach my goals after my undergraduate education is complete.